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Dr. Lambl

A synthesis of current research on the treatment of knee osteoarthritis — presented in three parts, by patient age group.

Refreshed May 7, 2026116 references

Knee Arthritis in Ages 0–30: What Current Research Says

For people under 30, knee arthritis is rarely the "wear-and-tear" disease most associate with aging. Instead, it usually shows up in one of three ways: as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), an autoimmune condition starting in childhood; as post-traumatic changes after a sports injury (especially ACL tears, meniscus tears, or kneecap dislocations); or as a focal cartilage defect — a damaged spot of cartilage that, if left alone, can lead to early arthritis. The good news is that this age group has the most treatment options and the best healing biology. The challenge is that decisions made now — whether to operate, what graft to use, how to rehab — shape knee health for decades.

Short Summary of Current Evidence

  • For autoimmune arthritis (JIA), early diagnosis and modern medications (methotrexate, biologics) put most kids into remission, though some subtypes are stubborn PMID:41761264, PMID:41082757.
  • For ACL tears, surgery is not always required — about two-thirds of people manage well without it at 2 years, though younger and more active patients tend to eventually need reconstruction PMID:41093364.
  • For kneecap (patellar) instability, surgical reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is now strongly favored over older techniques and beats rehab-alone for preventing redislocation PMID:41655186, PMID:40759934.
  • For focal cartilage damage, biological "salvage" procedures like fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation work well long-term in young patients PMID:41942367, PMID:40671241.
  • Microfracture — long the default cartilage repair technique — is not superior to simple debridement for small lesions PMID:40570306.
  • Even after a "successful" ACL reconstruction, many young people walk with abnormal mechanics that may seed osteoarthritis later PMID:40566928, PMID:41014689, PMID:40258593.

Epidemiology

Knee arthritis under 30 is uncommon as a primary diagnosis but rising as a consequence of injury and autoimmune disease. Globally, knee osteoarthritis prevalence has been climbing steadily since 1990, and high-income regions including East Asia and the High-Income Asia Pacific have the highest lifetime risks PMID:41152934, PMID:40696488, PMID:40598022. While the disease overwhelmingly affects older adults, the seeds are often planted in adolescence and young adulthood.

  • Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic rheumatologic disease of childhood. The knee is by far the most affected joint, involved in about 64% of cases PMID:41761264. The oligoarticular subtype (affecting four or fewer joints) is most common and tends to have a mild course; the polyarticular and systemic subtypes are more aggressive PMID:41761264, PMID:41082757.
  • ACL injuries in children and teens are increasing sharply, prompting national audits of how care is delivered PMID:41747609.
  • Patellar (kneecap) dislocations most often occur in adolescents and young adults, with about two-thirds of cases in females PMID:41655186, PMID:40759934.
  • Osgood-Schlatter disease — long considered a self-limiting growth-plate condition — is now associated with worse adult knee health and higher risk of "jumper's knee" decades later, suggesting it is not as benign as once taught PMID:40439870.

Cause Factors

  • Trauma is the dominant driver in this age group. ACL ruptures, meniscal tears, kneecap dislocations, and osteochondral fractures (where a piece of cartilage and bone breaks off) all raise the risk of early arthritis.
  • Anatomy. A shallow trochlea (the groove the kneecap sits in), a kneecap riding too high (patella alta), and a tibial tubercle positioned too far to the side are anatomic risk factors for recurrent patellar dislocation. Notably, hip dysplasia (Hartofilakidis C2) is associated with trochlear dysplasia in the same limb, suggesting some patients have whole-leg developmental problems PMID:40434850.
  • Autoimmunity. In JIA, the immune system attacks the joint lining. Synovial fluid (not blood) shows the inflammatory fingerprint best, with chemokines like CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 emerging as potential markers of progression PMID:40852723.
  • Genetics. In familial Mediterranean fever, the M694V allele is linked to a more aggressive arthritis pattern, particularly axial (spine and sacroiliac) involvement PMID:40096885. A20 haploinsufficiency is a rare genetic autoinflammatory cause PMID:40859316.
  • Modifiable lifestyle factors. High body mass index (BMI) is a leading driver of long-term knee osteoarthritis burden globally, and the effect compounds over decades PMID:41242948, PMID:41152934. Smoking did not alter outcomes after meniscus surgery, but higher BMI did predict worse results PMID:40898186.
  • Misdiagnosis and delay. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), a hip condition in adolescents, often presents as knee pain. Children whose chief complaint is knee pain face an average 82-day delay in surgery and substantially higher risk of cartilage breakdown and early arthritis PMID:40423092.

Conservative (Non-Surgical) Treatment

For most knee problems in this age group, conservative care is the starting point — and often sufficient.

Exercise and Physical Therapy

Structured rehabilitation is the backbone of non-surgical care.

  • For ACL tears, two-thirds of injured people who try rehab alone stay non-operative at 2 years, with knee-related quality-of-life scores similar to those who eventually had surgery PMID:41093364. Younger patients (under 25), pivoting-sport athletes, and those with concurrent meniscus injuries are more likely to eventually choose surgery.
  • Physiotherapist-supervised programs outperform unsupervised home exercise for degenerative meniscal tears, with greater improvements in pain and function PMID:40567077.
  • Hydrotherapy in JIA reduces pain and improves aerobic fitness compared with standard care PMID:40982358.
  • For people who already have an ACL reconstruction and want to slow arthritis development, a structured digital education and exercise program (the SOAR trial) is being formally tested in 16–35 year olds PMID:40542399.
  • Combining active knee exercise with high-intensity ultrasound reduces stiffness in the infrapatellar fat pad — a small but novel finding for anterior knee pain PMID:41653828.
  • Gait training matters: people walking slowly after ACL reconstruction load their knees less, but they also retain between-limb asymmetries that may need targeted retraining PMID:40258593. A surprising finding is that brief vibration of the hamstrings can reduce stiff landing patterns linked to future arthritis PMID:40413614. Real-time feedback during walking improves frontal-plane knee control PMID:41430600.

Weight, Metabolic Health, and Lifestyle

  • High BMI accelerates knee arthritis burden across age groups and is one of only two modifiable risk factors recognized by the Global Burden of Disease project PMID:40424273, PMID:41242948.
  • Smoking did not affect functional outcomes after meniscus surgery in one large study, but BMI did — outcomes worsened as BMI rose PMID:40898186.
  • For young, active patients with early knee osteoarthritis who are too young for joint replacement, a pilot trial is testing recombinant human growth hormone combined with quadriceps strengthening to amplify muscle gains PMID:41638751. Results are pending.

Injections

  • Autologous fat tissue (micro-fragmented adipose tissue) sounds promising but a high-quality randomized trial in people with knee osteoarthritis showed it was not superior to a saltwater placebo at 6, 12, or 24 months. Both groups improved similarly PMID:40101939. This is an important brake on enthusiasm for "regenerative" injections marketed to younger patients.
  • A patient-preference survey suggests young people considering biological injections care most about efficacy, then side effects, then cost PMID:40839199. Awareness of these treatments remains low.
  • Hyaluronic acid and corticosteroid injections are sometimes used for early arthritis but are infrequently chosen in this age group.

Medications for Autoimmune Arthritis

  • Methotrexate is the workhorse, used in nearly 80% of JIA patients PMID:41761264.
  • Biologics (anti-TNF agents, etc.) are reserved for harder-to-treat cases and used in roughly 20% of JIA patients PMID:41761264.
  • NSAIDs are useful for symptom control and are used by about 60% of JIA patients PMID:41761264.
  • For overlapping autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders (Aicardi-Goutières/Singleton-Merten overlap), JAK inhibitors like baricitinib show promise PMID:40116369.
  • In adults with related conditions (ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis), TNF inhibitors and conventional DMARDs reduce the eventual need for joint replacement compared with NSAIDs alone PMID:40936006.

Footwear and Bracing

  • Minimalist (barefoot-style) footwear has been studied across pathologies but most clinical evidence focuses on knee problems; benefits and mechanisms are still being defined PMID:40411499.

Surgical Treatment

ACL Reconstruction (ACLR)

ACLR remains the standard for active people who want to return to pivoting sports.

  • Graft choice matters by sex. In a Swedish registry of nearly 19,000 patients, women receiving hamstring tendon (HT) grafts achieved better patient-reported outcomes than women receiving quadriceps tendon (QT) grafts. Among men, no graft type was clearly superior. Revision rates were similar across all three common grafts (HT, patellar tendon, QT) at 2 years PMID:41588802.
  • Tunnel widening and graft maturation progress through 2 years and partly regress by 5 years; they don't strongly affect long-term function PMID:41854376. However, an MRI showing a "bright" graft signal at 12 months is associated with higher retear risk and may help guide return-to-sport decisions PMID:40848738.
  • Predicting who will need revision surgery. A machine-learning analysis of 18,753 Danish patients found that age and just three knee questionnaire items at 12 months postoperatively predict revision risk through 5 years with good accuracy PMID:40839712.
  • Two patient subgroups exist. A separate machine-learning analysis identified an "optimal" subgroup (younger, lower BMI) where ACLR strongly protects against future meniscus tears and arthritis, and a "suboptimal" subgroup (older, heavier, with concurrent medial meniscus injury) where ACLR still protects against arthritis but less effectively against re-injury PMID:40815848.
  • Septic arthritis after ACLR is rare but serious. Treated promptly with arthroscopic washout, antibiotics, and graft retention, long-term outcomes match uncomplicated cases — though return to sport takes 2 months longer PMID:41072725. Atypical pathogens like Proteus mirabilis, Abiotrophia defectiva, and even fungi like Arthrographis kalrae have been reported PMID:41747021, PMID:41659218, PMID:40819439.
  • In children, UK adherence to pediatric ACL guidelines is inconsistent, with only 30% of centers reporting functional outcomes and fewer than half reporting re-rupture rates. Standardized pathways are urgently needed PMID:41747609.
  • ACL repair with suture-tape augmentation (as opposed to full reconstruction) appears non-inferior to ACLR for proximal tears at 2 years, offering an option to preserve native tissue PMID:39069021.
  • Even successful ACLR doesn't fully restore knee mechanics. Roughly two-thirds of recipients fail to reach the "patient acceptable symptom state" on at least one knee questionnaire subscale at 2 years, and these patients show altered loading patterns linked to future arthritis PMID:40566928. Wearable sensors can detect these gait abnormalities outside the clinic PMID:41014689.
  • Meniscal repair done before ACLR (a "two-stage" approach) has a high failure rate (37% at 3 years), particularly when the gap between surgeries exceeds a year PMID:39878124. When meniscus repair is done at the same time as ACLR, results are better, and graft choice doesn't strongly affect outcomes PMID:39844666.

Patellar (Kneecap) Stabilization

The biggest practice change in the last decade has been the rise of MPFL reconstruction for recurrent kneecap dislocations.

  • A randomized trial showed that isolated MPFL reconstruction reduced recurrent instability from 54% (rehab alone) to 17% at 3 years in patients without major bony abnormalities PMID:41655186.
  • Long-term comparison in adolescents shows MPFL reconstruction is dramatically better than the older Insall realignment procedure: only 7% developed patellofemoral arthritis after MPFL reconstruction versus 60% after Insall, and reoperation rates were 0% versus 40% over 9 years PMID:40759934.
  • An older bony procedure called recession wedge trochleoplasty also produces durable results at 11 years for high-grade trochlear dysplasia, with no recurrent dislocations and minimal arthritis progression PMID:39710256.
  • An international multicenter study suggests that traditional thresholds for adding bony procedures (like tibial tubercle osteotomy) may be too strict — isolated MPFL reconstruction worked well even with patella alta and tibial tubercle distances historically considered indications for additional bony surgery PMID:41176161.
  • For complex or revision cases, combining MPFL reconstruction with tibial tubercle osteotomy works as well in revision cases as in primary surgery PMID:41588807.
  • Even when surgery is successful, the operated knee never quite catches up to the unoperated knee on patient-reported scores, suggesting room for refinement PMID:41138536.
  • The Banff Patellofemoral Instability Instrument 2.0 is now considered the most sensitive questionnaire for tracking adolescent patellar instability outcomes PMID:41546179.

Cartilage Repair and Restoration

This is a fast-moving field where one-size-fits-all answers don't exist.

  • Microfracture (tiny holes drilled in bone to recruit healing cells) is not superior to arthroscopic debridement for small (<2 cm²) cartilage defects PMID:40570306. This challenges decades of practice.
  • Fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA) — replacing the damaged cartilage and underlying bone with donor tissue — has 89% survival at 5 years, 83% at 10 years, and 75% at 15 years in a large registry PMID:40671241. A new Turkish protocol confirms feasibility PMID:41942367. Risk factors for failure include age over 30, BMI over 30, larger graft size, and degenerative (rather than traumatic) lesions.
  • Multi-plug "snowman" OCA for irregularly shaped defects produces results equivalent to single-plug OCA, with similar failure rates PMID:40618236.
  • Combining OCA with meniscus transplantation (when both cartilage and meniscus are damaged) improves patient-reported outcomes with high satisfaction (82–90% would do it again), though reoperation rates run 7–54% PMID:39914608.
  • Matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) — growing the patient's own cartilage cells in a lab and reimplanting them — produces good 10-year results, with men and people with BMI 20–29 doing best PMID:40151960. Clear thresholds for "patient acceptable" outcomes are now established.
  • Minced cartilage with synovial flap coverage is an emerging single-stage alternative to MACI for large defects, with comparable or better 2-year results PMID:40417794.
  • 3D-printed porous tantalum partial unicondylar arthroplasty is being explored for focal osteochondral defects in younger adults, with promising 4-year results PMID:41588442.
  • Bioabsorbable implants for traumatic osteochondral fractures in children and teens give favorable 6-year results, with 88% returning to sport at the same level PMID:40711638.
  • Combined regenerative techniques (osteochondral grafts plus adipose tissue plus collagen membranes) are being used in young athletes with multiple cartilage lesions PMID:41110704.
  • For osteochondritis dissecans (a piece of bone-cartilage that loses blood supply), nonoperative treatment works well in younger patients with stable lesions; surgical fixation or grafting is reserved for unstable or larger lesions, with return-to-sport rates above 85% PMID:41136105.
  • For traumatic kneecap fractures with osteochondral fragments, transosseous suture fixation gives reliable 4-year results PMID:40659585.

Meniscus Surgery

  • For young patients with traumatic meniscal tears, a 2-year MRI follow-up suggests arthroscopic partial meniscectomy may worsen early cartilage damage more than physical therapy alone PMID:38574801. This is a meaningful shift away from automatic surgery.
  • In a national cohort, surgical treatment did improve patient-reported outcomes at 12 months — but surgery was offered to younger patients, and "mechanical symptoms" (clicking, locking) didn't predict who benefited PMID:41173042.
  • Meniscal allograft transplantation (MAT) is reasonable even when substantial cartilage damage is already present, with patient-reported improvements lasting 10 years (though survival is lower: 81% versus 94% without cartilage damage) PMID:39506549.
  • Tendon autograft as a meniscal substitute (using the patient's own peroneus longus tendon) is an emerging alternative with promising 2-year results PMID:40554011.

Tibial Plateau Fractures

For young adults who break the top of the shin bone, an articular step-off (the joint surface not lining up perfectly) of 2 mm or more leads to valgus malalignment and is a setup for early arthritis PMID:41398669. Most patients regain daily function but only 30–53% return to their pre-injury sport level PMID:40903611.

Multiligament and Complex Knee Injuries

For severe injuries involving multiple ligaments, a structured 20-item surgical-planning checklist produces favorable mid-term outcomes, though most patients drop down a few activity levels permanently PMID:41506463.

Prophylaxis: Reducing Future Arthritis Risk

The strongest message from the last few years of research: the choices made in your 20s shape your knees in your 50s.

  • Maintain a healthy weight. High BMI is the dominant modifiable risk factor for knee osteoarthritis worldwide PMID:41242948, PMID:40598022.
  • Don't ignore Osgood-Schlatter. What was once considered a self-limiting adolescent condition is associated with worse adult knee health PMID:40439870.
  • Take knee pain in adolescents seriously, especially if SCFE is possible. Delayed diagnosis nearly doubles the risk of cartilage breakdown and future hip reconstruction PMID:40423092.
  • Target gait abnormalities after ACL reconstruction. Both stiff landing patterns and knee axial rotation are potentially modifiable PMID:40413614, PMID:41014689, PMID:40566928.
  • Use validated outcome scores to track recovery. The KOOS, IKDC, and PROMIS measures are reliable, but the PROMIS pain and mobility scales have ceiling and floor effects after ACL reconstruction that limit their utility PMID:39965036, PMID:40473239. Disease-specific scores like the BPII 2.0 outperform region-specific scores for adolescent kneecap problems PMID:41546179. A composite KOOS using only the Sport/Recreation and Quality-of-Life subscales may be more efficient for active patients PMID:40350079.
  • Address kneecap instability early — recurrent dislocations damage cartilage and increase the risk of patellofemoral arthritis, which can largely be prevented by MPFL reconstruction PMID:40759934.
  • For JIA, achieve remission early. Younger age at onset, knee involvement, and lower inflammation predict the milder oligoarticular subtype; aggressive treatment of polyarticular RF-negative and systemic forms is justified PMID:41761264, PMID:41082757. About 85% of oligoarticular JIA patients achieve remission with modern treatment PMID:41082757.
  • Watch for popliteal infections. Children with knee or thigh infections involving the back of the knee have a 12-fold higher risk of deep vein thrombosis and may need anticoagulation PMID:41051763.
  • For ballistic (gunshot) joint injuries, recent evidence in both adults and children suggests that antibiotics alone — without formal washout surgery — produce equivalent infection rates, though severe joint damage may still require surgery PMID:41498830, PMID:41263579.
  • Long-term anticoagulation in JIA flares with HIV or other immune complexity requires a multidisciplinary team PMID:41217199.

What's Still Uncertain

  • Whether any "regenerative" injection actually works. The strongest randomized trial of micro-fragmented fat tissue showed no advantage over saltwater placebo PMID:40101939. Patient enthusiasm for these treatments outpaces evidence.
  • Whether ACL "healing" without surgery is good or bad long-term. A re-analysis of the KANON trial suggests that an apparently healed ACL on MRI at 5 years was actually associated with worse knee function at 11 years compared with reconstruction. This counterintuitive finding needs replication before changing practice PMID:40387842.
  • Whether early intervention prevents post-traumatic arthritis. Many young people walk with abnormal patterns long after ACL reconstruction, and we don't yet know whether retraining gait actually changes long-term arthritis risk PMID:40566928, PMID:41014689.
  • Whether growth hormone or other anabolic drugs help young people with early arthritis is being formally tested but not yet proven PMID:41638751.
  • The optimal surgical approach for OCA in atypically shaped lesions continues to evolve; both single-plug and "

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  43. Long-Term Functional Outcomes and Modes of Failure of Fresh Frozen Hemicondylar Allografts: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
    De Pena AM, Gonzalez MR, Connolly JJ, et al. · Journal of surgical oncology · 2025PMID 40923897
  44. Total knee arthroplasty with simultaneous triplanar osteotomy of the distal femur using patient-specific instrumentation : A case report.
    Szerksznis W, Tramś E, Kamiński R, et al. · Orthopadie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026PMID 40911070
  45. Most patients with tibial plateau fractures regain function for daily activities but do not return to their pre-injury level of sport: comparison of multicenter cohort of 1101 patients and age-related peers.
    Vaartjes TP, van der Sluis FJ, Bosma E, et al. · European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2025PMID 40903611
  46. Relationships between smoking, high BMI and the results of arthroscopic treatment of isolated medial meniscus tear - a cross-sectional study.
    Turoń B, Małkowski D, Zabrzyńska M, et al. · BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2025PMID 40898186
  47. [Septic Arthritis of the Glenohumeral Joint: Treatment Options and Outcomes Achieved in Our Study Population].
    Mařík J, Klouda J, Musil D, et al. · Acta chirurgiae orthopaedicae et traumatologiae Cechoslovaca · 2025PMID 40878450
  48. Clinical features and genetic analysis of A20 haploinsufficiency.
    Xue F, An C, Lei Z, et al. · Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2025PMID 40859316
  49. Inflammation-profiling reveals activated pathways and biomarkers with predictive potential in oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
    Wen X, Aulin C, Sundberg E, et al. · Frontiers in immunology · 2025PMID 40852723
  50. Twelve-month magnetic resonance imaging after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction can identify risk factors for subsequent graft rupture and used to guide the return to sport. Results from a high-volume institution.
    Lutz C, Mancino F, Parker DA · Journal of ISAKOS : joint disorders & orthopaedic sports medicine · 2025PMID 40848738
  51. Predicting Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Revision Risk: An Enhanced Machine Learning Analysis of the Danish Knee Ligament Reconstruction Registry.
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  52. Questionnaire on willingness and preference for biological treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a single-center cross-sectional survey.
    Wang F · Clinical rheumatology · 2025PMID 40839199
  53. Comparison of clinical and biological data between septic arthritis of the hip and those of the knee caused by Kingella kingae.
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  54. Mycotic arthritis of the knee caused by Arthrographis kalrae in an immunocompetent child: A case report and litterature review.
    Lemaigre C, Cros-Labrit J, Yaouanc F, et al. · Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease · 2025PMID 40819439
  55. Establishing Clinically Distinct Patient Treatment Subgroups Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Machine Learning Clustering Analysis.
    Lu Y, Kang L, Mavrommatis S, et al. · The American journal of sports medicine · 2025PMID 40815848
  56. MPFL reconstruction vs. Insall procedure for adolescent patellar instability: nine-year follow-up on osteoarthritis, redislocations, and return to sports.
    Jääskelä M, Perhomaa M, Lempainen L, et al. · BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2025PMID 40759934
  57. Mid-term results of treatment of traumatic knee osteochondral fractures in pediatric and adolescent population with bioabsorbable implants.
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  58. Global, regional, and country-specific lifetime risks of osteoarthritis, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021.
    Zhang X, Huang C, Hu Z, et al. · Global health research and policy · 2025PMID 40696488
  59. Tenosynovial giant cell tumor and its differential diagnosis in children.
    Inarejos Clemente EJ, Moreno Romo D, Barber I, et al. · Pediatric radiology · 2025PMID 40681854
  60. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-Associated Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis and Anterior Uveitis in a Pediatric Patient with Trisomy 21.
    Sandozi H, Moon JY, Ketkar S, et al. · Ocular immunology and inflammation · 2025PMID 40674696
  61. Clinical Factors Affecting Outcomes of Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation: A Multivariable Analysis of 560 Knees.
    Wang T, Dees RL, Görtz S, et al. · The American journal of sports medicine · 2025PMID 40671241
  62. [Early effectiveness of transosseous suture fixation in treatment of recurrent acute patellar dislocation with patellar osteochondral fractures].
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  63. Nonspecific Knee Synovitis Caused by Foreign Bodies Undetectable on Imaging Studies: Four Cases and Literature Review.
    Brandstetter AS, Qual R, Benady A, et al. · Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews · 2025PMID 40632943
  64. Comparison of Snowman and Single-Plug Circular Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation Techniques for Similarly Sized Defects: A Matched Cohort Analysis.
    Mufti YN, Sachs JP, Franzia CH, et al. · The American journal of sports medicine · 2025PMID 40618236
  65. Use of Antibiotic Eluting Calcium Sulfate Beads in High-Risk Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty.
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  66. Burden of knee osteoarthritis in China and globally: 1990-2045.
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  67. Avascular Necrosis of the Metacarpal Head in Skeletally Immature Patients Treated with Osteochondral Autograft Transfer System.
    Brown CC, Cohen-Brown J, Li Z · Journal of surgical orthopaedic advances · 2025PMID 40576507
  68. Arthroscopic Resection of Infrapatellar Fat Pad Impingement Syndrome: Long-Term Clinical Results at Minimum 10-Year Follow-Up.
    Park YC, Kim YM, Joo YB · Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025PMID 40572684
  69. Microfracture Versus Arthroscopic Debridement for the Treatment of Symptomatic Cartilage Lesions of the Knee: 2-Year Results From a Multicenter Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial.
    Randsborg PH, Aae TF, Visnes H, et al. · The American journal of sports medicine · 2025PMID 40570306
  70. Effectiveness of a neuromuscular exercise program conducted with a physiotherapist in individuals with degenerative meniscal tears.
    Aksu ZB, Genç H · Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation · 2026PMID 40567077
  71. Failure to Achieve the Patient Acceptable Symptom State 2 Years After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Reflects Poor Knee Loading Patterns.
    He J, Williams AA, Erhart-Hledik JC, et al. · The American journal of sports medicine · 2025PMID 40566928
  72. Clinical and diagnostic insights into brucellar arthritis: a single-center retrospective cohort study.
    Feng Q, Song Y, Xing Y, et al. · Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025PMID 40557315
  73. Can tendon autograft function as a meniscal transplant?
    Gad AM, Khalil MH · The Knee · 2025PMID 40554011
  74. Digital education and exercise therapy versus minimal intervention for young people at high risk of early onset knee osteoarthritis after ACL reconstruction: a study protocol for the Stop OsteoARthritis (SOAR) randomized controlled trial.
    Whittaker JL, Cammalleri A, Archibald C, et al. · Trials · 2025PMID 40542399
  75. The Test-Retest Reliability of Multiple Patient-Reported and Clinician-Based Outcomes in People With a History of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.
    Hoch JM, Kleis RR, Hoch MC, et al. · Journal of sport rehabilitation · 2025PMID 40473239
  76. [Modified patellar triple surgery for early patellofemoral osteoarthritis].
    Wu BL, Yan XY · Zhongguo gu shang = China journal of orthopaedics and traumatology · 2025PMID 40461115
  77. Long-Term Knee Health in Adults with a History of Adolescent Osgood-Schlatter: A National Cohort Study of Patients in Secondary Care in Denmark 1977-2020.
    Krommes K, Bjerre A, Thorborg K, et al. · Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025PMID 40439870
  78. Femoral Trochlear Dysplasia Is Common in Lower Limbs With Hartofilakidis C2 Hip Dysplasia.
    Huang Y, Li M, Zhao F, et al. · Clinical orthopaedics and related research · 2025PMID 40434850
  79. Global, regional, and national burden of osteoarthritis from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2035: A cross-sectional study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.
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  80. Impact of Hip Versus Knee Pain as the Presenting Symptom of Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis on Time to Imaging, Surgery, and Complications.
    Momtaz D, Hosseinzadeh S, Mittal MM, et al. · Journal of pediatric orthopedics · 2025PMID 40423092
  81. Clinical outcomes of total hip and knee arthroplasty for end-stage hemophilic arthropathy in patients with hemophilia: a retrospective study.
    BaHeTe A, Shao Y, Kang P · Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025PMID 40420097
  82. Satisfactory functional outcomes and low recurrence rates at a mean 10-year follow-up after combined staged synovectomy and external radiotherapy for diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee.
    Fahmy FS, ElAttar M, Farhan AH, et al. · Journal of ISAKOS : joint disorders & orthopaedic sports medicine · 2025PMID 40419142
  83. Treatment of large chondral lesions with an autologous minced cartilage technique and synovial flap leads to superior results compared to matrix associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation technique after 24 months: A controlled clinical trial.
    Mayr J, Warth F, Oehler N, et al. · Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA · 2026PMID 40417794
  84. Acute Prolonged Hamstrings Vibration Reduces Limb Stiffness Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction During a Single-Limb Drop-Jump Task.
    Lowe T, Hsiao HY, Dong XN, et al. · Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society · 2025PMID 40413614
  85. Minimalist Footwear in the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Lower Limb Impairments Across the Life Course: A Scoping Review.
    Morrison SC, Langley B, Luo B, et al. · Musculoskeletal care · 2025PMID 40411499
  86. Accelerometer-assessed physical activity levels 32-37 years after anterior cruciate ligament rupture - Does initial treatment strategy or the presence of osteoarthritis matter?
    Filbay S, Sonesson S, Kuster RP, et al. · Journal of science and medicine in sport · 2025PMID 40404550
  87. Association Between ACL Continuity on Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 5 Years After an Acute ACL Rupture and 11-Year Outcomes: A Secondary Analysis From the KANON Trial.
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  88. Risk factors and long-term outcomes in anterior iliac and obturator hip dislocation.
    Jaecker V, Regenbogen S, Märdian S, et al. · European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2025PMID 40380987
  89. Assessment of the Damage Index and Its Dynamics in Patients with Non-Systemic Variants of Juvenile Arthritis during the Treatment with Biologics.
    Kolkhidova ZA, Nikishina IP, Glukhova SI · Doklady. Biochemistry and biophysics · 2025PMID 40353966
  90. A shortened Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is sufficient for measuring change in a cohort of patellofemoral instability patients.
    Webster KE, Agel J, Feller JA, et al. · Journal of ISAKOS : joint disorders & orthopaedic sports medicine · 2025PMID 40350079
  91. [Rheumatic shoulder joints in childhood].
    Windschall D, Bork H, Gohar F, et al. · Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie · 2025PMID 40346183
  92. Reducing Walking Speed Decreases Surgical Knee Loading but Not Between-Limb Symmetry in Individuals With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.
    Cottmeyer DF, Lyle MA, Sims MM, et al. · Journal of applied biomechanics · 2025PMID 40258593
  93. The patient acceptable symptomatic state for commonly used outcome scores 10 years after matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation.
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  94. Very low dislocation rate and good clinical outcome after Bereiter trochleoplasty and additional procedures following the Copenhagen patella-femoral instability algorithm: One- and two-years outcomes from a consecutive cohort of 368 cases.
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  95. Overlapping Aicardi-Goutières and Singleton-Merten syndromes with a heterozygous gain-of-function mutation in IFIH1 mimicking juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
    Yamazaki S, Kaneko S, Shimbo A, et al. · Immunological medicine · 2025PMID 40116369
  96. Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Implant Survivorship and Clinical Outcomes the Second Time Around.
    Cheng R, Coxe FR, Chiu YF, et al. · The Journal of arthroplasty · 2025PMID 40107573
  97. Treatment of knee osteoarthritis with a single injection of autologous micro-fragmented adipose tissue is not superior to a placebo saline injection: a blinded randomised controlled trial with 2-year follow-up.
    Barfod KW, Blønd L, Mikkelsen RK, et al. · British journal of sports medicine · 2025PMID 40101939
  98. Different arthritis patterns in pediatric familial Mediterranean fever: Focus on exon 10 biallelic pathogenic genotypes.
    Tunce E, Atamyildiz Uçar S, Sözeri B · Joint bone spine · 2025PMID 40096885
  99. Balancing Tumor Control and Cartilage Preservation for Patients with Giant Cell Tumor of Bone Around the Knee: A Clinical Report from a Single Institute.
    Chen KL, Chen CF, Wu PK, et al. · The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume · 2025PMID 40048502
  100. Relationships Between PROMIS and Legacy Patient-Reported Outcome Measure (PROM) Scores in the MARS Cohort at 10-Year Follow-up.
    MARS Group · The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume · 2025PMID 39965036
  101. Patient Perceptions of Medication Therapy for Prevention of Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: A Qualitative Content Analysis.
    Waddell LM, Mitchener DP, Frier KC, et al. · Arthritis care & research · 2025PMID 39936242
  102. AKIRA: Deep learning tool for image standardization, implant detection and arthritis grading to establish a radiographic registry in patients with anterior cruciate ligament injuries.
    Lu Y, Yang L, Mulford K, et al. · Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA · 2025PMID 39925136
  103. Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation With Concomitant Meniscal Allograft Transplantation Improves Clinical Outcomes and Yields High Patient Satisfaction: A Systematic Review.
    Carpenter ML, Cotter EJ, Villarreal-Espinosa JB, et al. · Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association · 2025PMID 39914608
  104. Autologous bone grafting combined with spheroid-based matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation for osteochondral defects of the knee: Good clinical outcomes alongside abnormal postoperative gait patterns.
    Oehme S, Milinkovic DD, Paolucci A, et al. · Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA · 2025PMID 39901823
  105. High failure rate in meniscal repair when preceding anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: An analysis of two-stage surgery for concomitant ACL injury and traumatic meniscus tear.
    López Personat A, Cristiani R, Stålman A, et al. · Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA · 2025PMID 39878124
  106. No difference in ACL revision rates between hamstring and patellar tendon autograft in patients with ACL-R and a concurrent meniscal injury irrespective of meniscal treatment.
    Högberg J, Petersson L, Zsidai B, et al. · Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA · 2025PMID 39844666
  107. No secondary osteoarthritis after recession wedge trochleoplasty associated with tibial tubercle osteotomy for treating recurrent patellar dislocation in high-grade dysplasia.
    Barbotte F, Landon C, Djebara A, et al. · Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR · 2025PMID 39710256
  108. Higher isokinetic quadriceps peak force is associated with a patient-acceptable symptom-state 1 and 3 years after ACL reconstruction.
    Ashnai F, Thomeé R, Hamrin Senorski E, et al. · Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA · 2025PMID 39564974
  109. Psychometric properties of the Thai version of the Simple Knee Value in patients with patellofemoral pain.
    Suphakitchanusan W, Reosanguanwong K, Lertwanich P · Disability and rehabilitation · 2025PMID 39526587
  110. Meniscal allograft transplantation in patients with substantial cartilage disease led to a sustained long-term improvement in patient-reported outcome measures.
    Ahmed I, Khatri C, Spalding T, et al. · Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA · 2025PMID 39506549
  111. Physical Activity Variability in Patellofemoral Pain: Relationships With Clinical and Psychological Outcomes.
    Kim S, Glaviano NR · Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation · 2025PMID 39489206
  112. Results of the AMIC® method in patients operated on for an osteochondral lesion of the talar dome (OLTD) at a mean follow-up of 34 months. A retrospective multicenter study.
    Peras M, Bilichtin É, Choufani C, et al. · Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR · 2025PMID 39406585
  113. MRI features distinguishing pediatric Lyme arthritis from septic arthritis.
    Powell JE, Lee VK, Parikh SS, et al. · Skeletal radiology · 2025PMID 39373749
  114. Medial Collateral Ligament Repair, Isolated Suture-Tape-Bracing and No Repair for Grade III Medial Collateral Ligament Tears During Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Have Similar Outcome for Combined Anterior Cruciate Ligament With Medial Collateral Ligament Injury: A 3-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial.
    Ramakanth R, Sundararajan SR, Sujith BSG, et al. · Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association · 2025PMID 39343075
  115. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair With Suture Tape Augmentation of Proximal Tears and Early Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Suture Tape Augmentation Result in Comparable Clinical Outcomes With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction at 2-Year Follow-Up.
    Simard SG, Greenfield CJ, Khoury AN · Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association · 2025PMID 39069021
  116. Post-traumatic and OA-related lesions in the knee at baseline and 2 years after traumatic meniscal injury: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.
    van der Graaff SJA, Oei EHG, Reijman M, et al. · Osteoarthritis and cartilage · 2025PMID 38574801